Requirements for Scrap Steel as Raw Material in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking

Requirements for Scrap Steel as Raw Material in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking

It is widely recognized that scrap steel serves as the primary raw material for electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. However, specific quality and compositional standards must be met to ensure efficient and safe operations. Below is an overview of key requirements for scrap steel used in EAF steelmaking.

Key Requirements for Scrap Steel in EAF Steelmaking

The quality of scrap steel directly impacts product quality, production costs, and overall furnace efficiency. As such, the following criteria are essential:

1. Cleanliness and Low Rust Content  

   Scrap steel should be free from contaminants such as sand, dirt, or excessive rust. Impurities can reduce furnace conductivity, prolong melting time, hinder dephosphorization, and damage the furnace lining. Oil residue or heavy rust may also lower steel yield, reduce alloy recovery, and increase hydrogen content in the final product.

2. Exclusion of Non-Ferrous Metals  

   Scrap must not contain metals such as lead, tin, arsenic, zinc, or copper. Lead, due to its high density and low melting point, may accumulate at the furnace bottom and potentially cause leakage. Elements like tin, arsenic, and copper can induce brittleness and adversely affect steel properties.

3. Safety Considerations  

   Sealed containers, flammable or explosive materials, and toxic substances must be strictly excluded from scrap batches to prevent hazardous incidents during the melting process.

4. Known Chemical Composition  

   The chemical makeup of the scrap should be traceable and controlled. In particular, phosphorus content must be kept within acceptable limits to avoid negative effects on steel quality.

5. Appropriate Size and Shape  

   Scrap pieces should not be excessively large to ensure efficient melting. In EAF operations, pig iron is sometimes added to supplement the charge, though typically not exceeding 30% of the total feed.

By adhering to these guidelines, producers can maintain smooth operations, enhance steel quality, and uphold safety and efficiency in electric arc furnace steelmaking.

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